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第十次
第一章 我与法(一)
《成唯识论》卷一
论曰:
世间圣教说有我法但由假立,非实有性。我谓主宰,法谓轨持。
〔述记:轨谓轨范可生物解,持谓任持不舍自相。〕
彼二俱有种种相转。
我种种相谓有情命者等,预流一来等。
法种种相谓实德业等,蕴处界等。
转谓随缘施设有异。
问征
如是诸相若由假说,依何得成?
彼相皆依识所转变而假施设。
别解识及变
识谓了别。此中识言亦摄心所,定相应故。
变谓识体转似二分。
〔述记:护法等云,谓诸识体即自证分,转似相见二分而生。〕
相见俱依自证起故。
依斯二分施设我法,彼二离此无所依故。
或复内识转似外境。
我法分别熏习力故,诸识生时变似我法。
〔述记:即是难陀亲胜等义。〕
此我法相虽在内识、而由分别似外境现,
诸有情类无始时来,缘此执为实我实法。
英译(韦达)
The Treatise says:
1. Conceptions of Atman and Dharmas
People all over the world and the various Scriptures declare that Atman and dharmas exist, but, in point of fact, they have no reality of their own, being mere fictitious constructions based on false ideas. “Atman” implies ownership or lordship or controlling power, while “dharma” means a norm or something that adheres to its nature as something particular.
The idea of Atman and dharmas may assume many forms with specific characteristics. For example, Atman may assume the forms of sattva (sentient beings), of jiva (living things), etc., or of srotaapanna (disciples who have“entered the stream” of holy living), of sakrdagamin (those in their penultimate return to mortality), etc. On the other hand, dharmas may appear in the form of dravya (substance), gunas (qualities), karman (actions), etc., or skandhas (aggregates) ayatanas (sense-spheres), dhatus (planes of existence), etc.
(In the original Sanskrit stanza) the word pravartate (arising) signifies that different structures assumed by Atman and dharmas are produced in accordance with their causes and conditions.
2. Objection: Question and answer
If such various phenomena of Atman and dharmas are mere subjective elaborations, what is their real basis? What is their raison d'etre?
They are the result of the evolution and manifestation of consciousness (vijnanaparinama). As such, they are subjective and conventional elaborations or constructions.
3. Consciousness defined
The word‘consciousness’ means perception and mental discrimination, i.e., of “external things”; in the present treatise it is understood as the mind and its associated activities (citta and caittas), since the latter are necessarily associated with consciousness.
4. Manifestation of consciousness
What is meant by “the manifestation of consciousness”?
There are two theories.
First answer: according to Dharmapala and Sthiramati
“Manifestation”(parinama) indicates that what essentially constitutes consciousness (that is to say, its substance, the samvittibhaga), when it is born, manifests itself in two functional divisions (bhagas), namely, image and perception, i.e., the object perceived (or perceived division) and the perceiving faculty (or perceiving division) (nimittabhaga and darsanabhaga). These divisions arise out of a third division called the “self-witness”or the“self-corroboratory division” (samvittibhaga) which constitutes their “essential substance”. It is on the basis of these two functional divisions that Atman and dharmas are established, for they have no other basis.
Second answer: according to Nanda, Bandhusri, etc.
Manifestation of consciousness means also that the inner consciousness manifests itself in what seems to be an external sphere of objects. By virtue of the “perfuming” energy (vasana) deposited in the mind by wrong concepts (vikalpa) of Atman-dharmas, the consciousness, on becoming active, develop into the semblance of Atman and dharmas. Although the phenomena of Atman and dharmas lie within the consciousness, yet, because of wrong mental discrimination or particularization, they are taken to be external objects. That is why all sentient beings, since before the beginning of time, have conceived them as real Atman and real dharmas.
中译(张尚德)
论中说:
1. 我与法的种种观念
世界人们和种种经典都说有我与法,但事实上并没有实际的我与法,只是建构在种种昏因妄念(false ideas)的无尽虚妄上而已(mere fictitious constructions)。「我」意谓着只此一家,别无分店(ownership)或者是老子第一(lordship),「我」就是力量,超过宇宙的一切力量——唯识学说我为主宰;「法」谓「轨持」,意谓在万类式样中的存在。一切的存在,皆依此轨持而存在也。(“dharma” means a norm or something that adheres to its nature as something particular.——此处韦达的翻译,是依据述记:「轨谓轨范,可生物解;持谓任持,不舍自相。」「轨」即式样、范畴、法则、变化等意义;「持」则为在超时空中的存在。存在的自相,一直为其自相。所以韦达译成为「something that adheres to its natures as something particular」)(译者按:在佛法系统的指谓中,「法」一字统摄的说,有三方面意义:一、一切有形的存在;二、不可说只可亲证之形而上的本身;三、佛。
释迦牟尼佛在灵山会上的传法,就包括这三方面,祂说:
「法本法无法,无法法亦法,今付无法时,法法何曾法」又说:
「吾有正法眼藏,涅盘妙心,实相无相,微妙法门。」)
「我」与「法」的理念,意指在许多形式中万类殊相性质的存在,例如,「我」可以是指种种有情的存在,以及有生命的众生,或指那些证到圣流、法界之流的信众(佛法所称的预流果);或指那些正处于倒数第二次的生死轮回者(一来果)[注]。另一方面,「法」可以显现在实体(实)、质素(德)、活动力(业)种种形式中,或是在聚集(蕴)、感觉领域(处)、存在领域(界)中。
在《唯识三十颂》的原始梵文中,「转」一字意谓我与法依种种因缘与条件所产生的不同存在的功能与作用(different structures)。
[注]四果罗汉分别为预流果,一来果。不还果,阿罗汉果。预流果指凡夫初入圣道法流之初果罗汉;一来果指尚需返欲界受生一度之二果罗汉;不还果指不再还来欲界的三果罗汉:阿罗汉果为声闻乘最高果位。
2. 辩驳:问题与回答
如果我与法的各种现象,只是种种主观的设想(假说),其实际的基础又是什么?它们存在的理由又为何呢?
他们是由意识(识)转示、衍生出的结果(识变)。因此,它们是主观的和约定俗成的种种设思(elaboration)或种种构想(construction)。
3. 何谓识?
此谓感官上的觉察(perception)与心性上的辨别(mental discrimation),包括对外在事物的觉察与心性上的辨别。本论中,「识」被解释为心识(mind)以及与心识关连的种种活动。这些与心识关连的种种活动必然由识所变现。
4. 识的变现
识的变现是什么?有二种理论:
第一,根据护法与安慧论师的解答
「识的变现」指出:基本上识的建构是什么?(也就是说,它的实质性是什么?) 识在功能上转示出二分(two functional divisions):称为相分与见分(image and perception)。也就是所观的对象(或被观察到的部分)以及能观的功能(或能观察的部分)。相分与见分的产生来自于第三分:自证分或自我统觉的部分(self-corroboration)。其乃构成为根本的实质性(essential substance)。「我」与「法」是建基在见分与相分的二种功能上,除此之外,再无其它基础。
第二,根据难陀与亲胜等论师的解答
「识的变现」意谓着内识(inner consciousness--主观意识存在的种种认识、作用、转化与功能),转示在种种外在客观事物的领域。由于「我」与「法」昏因妄念的熏习,在心灵中(in the mind)产生种种活动,识变成假我与假法(the semblance of Atman and Dharmas)。我与法的现象虽在内识,由于错谬的心识分辨和分别,就将其当作好像是外在客观的事物(external objects)。这就说明无始以来一切有情众生死死的执着有实际的我与实际的法。
韦达对「我」与「法」种种概念的英文翻译,对英文语意、语法、语构均为上乘,且对「我」与「法」的佛法意义洞悉极深。可以说他总括了东西方哲学思想来翻译「我」与「法」。
韦达真正了解唯识且英文造诣极深,才将《成唯识论》翻译成英文的。但他把「有种种相转」的「转」译成arising(升起、产生),这个翻译不对。不过,这并非韦达的错误。在佛学梵文的语句中,「转」一字,涉及到主观与客观一切存在,在无尽的时间和空间中彼此絪缊、转化、依持、生起、轮回、消失。那怎么翻译啊?
附语:
参
释迦牟尼佛涅槃后,是否还有「我」与「法」?
第十一次待续
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